M. Ader, J. Boudou, M. Javoy, B. Goffé, and E. Daniels, Isotope study on organic nitrogen of Westphalian anthracites from the Western Middle field of Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) and from the Bramsche Massif (Germany), ) and from the Bramsche Massif, pp.315-323, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00072-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00156941

M. Ader, J. Boudou, J. Roux, E. Daniels, and J. M. , Nitrogen isotopic composition of fixed ammonium in rocks: Evidence for a possible ammonia stability in fluids? Goldschmidt, J. Conf. Abstr, vol.5, pp.117-118, 2000.

M. Ader, P. Cartigny, J. Boudou, E. Petit, J. H. Oh et al., Nitrogen isotopic evolution of carbonaceous matter during metamorphism: Methodology and preliminary results, Chemical Geology, vol.232, issue.3-4, pp.152-169, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.019
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00144850

M. Ader, M. Javoy, J. Boudou, B. Hieronimus, J. Roux et al., Nitrogen Isotopic Composition of Ammonium-rich Illite in Anthracites and Organic-rich Shales from Eastern Pennsylvania, Mineralogical Magazine, vol.62, issue.1, p.13, 1998.
DOI : 10.1180/minmag.1998.62A.1.07

T. Andersen, H. Austrheim, E. A. Burke, and E. S. , N2 and CO2 in deep crustal fluids: evidence from the Caledonides of Norway, Chemical Geology, vol.108, issue.1-4, pp.113-132, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2541(93)90320-I

I. V. Babich, K. Seshan, and L. Lefferts, Nature of nitrogen specie in coke and their role in NOx formation during FCC catalyst regeneration, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol.59, issue.3-4, pp.205-211, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.02.008

C. E. Barker, Y. Bone, and L. M. , Fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry compared to heat-flow models of maximum paleotemperature next to dikes, western onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.37, issue.1-2, pp.73-111, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00018-4

T. Barth, K. Rist, B. Huseby, and R. Ocampo, The distribution of nitrogen between bitumen, water and residue in hydrous pyrolysis of extracted Messel oil shale, Organic Geochemistry, vol.24, issue.8-9, pp.889-895, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00070-8

F. Béhar and M. Vandenbroucke, Chemical modelling of kerogens, Organic Geochemistry, vol.11, issue.1, pp.15-24, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(87)90047-7

B. Bennett, M. Chen, D. Brincat, F. J. Gelin, and S. R. Larter, Fractionation of benzocarbazoles between source rocks and petroleums, Organic Geochemistry, vol.33, issue.5, pp.545-559, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00017-7

R. A. Berner, Geological nitrogen cycle and atmospheric N2 over Phanerozoic time, Geology, vol.34, issue.5, pp.413-415, 2006.
DOI : 10.1130/G22470.1

O. Beyssac, J. Rouzaud, B. Goffé, F. Brunet, and C. Chopin, Graphitization in a high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic gradient: a Raman microspectroscopy and HRTEM study, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, vol.143, issue.1, pp.19-31, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00410-001-0324-7

L. Blom, L. Edelhausen, and D. W. Van-krevelen, Chemical structure and properties of coal. XVIII. Oxygen groups in coal and related products, Fuel, vol.36, pp.135-153, 1957.

H. Boigk, H. W. Hagemann, W. Stahl, and G. Wollanke, Isotopenphysikalische Untersuchungen zur Herkunft und Migration des Stickstoffs nordwestdeutscher Erdgase aus Oberkarbon und Rotliegend, Erdöl Kohle Erdgas Petrochem, vol.29, pp.103-112, 1976.

J. Boudou and E. J. , Molecular nitrogen from coal pyrolysis: Kinetic modelling, Chemical Geology, vol.126, issue.3-4, pp.319-333, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2541(95)00125-5

J. Boudou, A. Mariotti, and O. J. , Unexpected enrichment of nitrogen during the diagenetic evolution of sedimentary organic matter, Fuel, vol.63, issue.11, pp.1508-1510, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(84)90215-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00156950

J. Boudou, . Parent-ph, F. Suarez-garcia, S. Villar-rodil, A. Martinez-alonso et al., Nitrogen in aramid-based activated carbon fibers by TPD, XPS and XANES, Carbon, vol.44, issue.12, pp.2452-2462, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.04.036
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00156631

J. Boudou, R. Pelet, and R. Letolle, A model of the diagenetic evolution of coaly sedimentary organic matter, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.6, pp.1357-1362, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90070-X

J. P. Boutique, J. J. Verbist, J. G. Fripiat, J. Delhalle, G. Pfister-guillouzo et al., Theoretical (ab initio) and experimental (Xray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy) studies of the electronic structure, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.3511, issue.106, pp.4374-4378, 1984.

K. Bratek, W. Bratek, I. Gerus-piasecka, S. Jasie?ko, and P. Wilk, Properties and structure of different rank anthracites, Fuel, vol.81, issue.1, pp.97-108, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00120-X

D. A. Brent, J. D. Hribar, and D. C. Dejongh, Pyrolysis of 2-pyrone, coumarin, and 2-pyridone, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.35, issue.1, pp.135-137, 1970.
DOI : 10.1021/jo00826a030

A. N. Buckley, M. D. Kelly, P. F. Nelson, and R. K. , Inorganic nitrogen in Australian semi-anthracites; implications for determining organic nitrogen functionality in bituminous coals by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fuel Processing Technology, vol.43, issue.1, pp.47-60, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-3820(95)00004-Q

A. N. Buckley, K. W. Riley, and W. M. , Heteroatom functionality in a high-sulfur Chinese bituminous coal, Organic Geochemistry, vol.24, issue.3, pp.389-392, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00031-9

P. Burchill and W. L. , Variation of nitrogen content and functionality with rank for some UK bituminous coals, Fuel, vol.68, issue.1, pp.100-104, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(89)90019-7

R. M. Bustin, J. V. Ross, and R. , Mechanisms of graphite formation from kerogen: experimental evidence, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.28, issue.1, pp.1-36, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-5162(95)00002-U

Y. Cao, G. D. Mitchell, A. Davis, and W. D. , Deformation metamorphism of bituminous and anthracite coals from China, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.43, issue.1-4, pp.227-242, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00061-0

J. Casanovas, J. M. Ricart, J. Rubio, F. Illas, and J. M. Jimenez-mateos, Origin of the Large N 1s Binding Energy in X-ray Photoelectron Spectra of Calcined Carbonaceous Materials, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.118, issue.34, pp.8071-8076, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/ja960338m

A. L. Chaffee and R. B. Johns, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Australian coals. I. Angularly fused pentacyclic tri- and tetraaromatic components of Victorian brown coal, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.47, issue.12, pp.2141-2155, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90039-X

A. L. Chaffee, M. G. Strachan, and R. B. Johns, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Australian coals II. Novel tetracyclic components from Victorian brown coal, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.10, pp.2037-2043, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90384-3

H. C. Choi, J. Park, and K. B. , Distribution and Structure of N Atoms in Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Variable-Energy X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.109, issue.10, pp.4333-4340, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/jp0453109

D. T. Clark, J. Peeling, and L. Colling, An experimental and theoretical investigation of the core level spectra of a series of amino acids, dipeptides and polypeptides, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure, vol.453, issue.2, pp.533-545, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2795(76)90149-5

E. J. Daniels, Nature and origin of minerals in anthracite from eastern Pennsylvania, 1992.

E. J. Daniels and A. S. , Clay mineral authigenesis in coal and shale from the Anthracite region, Pennsylvania, Am. Mineral, vol.75, pp.825-839, 1990.

E. J. Daniels and A. S. , Inorganic nitrogen in anthracite from eastern Pennsylvania, USA, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.21-35, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-5162(93)90036-A

E. J. Daniels, S. P. Altaner, S. Marshak, and J. R. Eggleston, Hydrothermal alteration in anthracite from eastern Pennsylvania: Implications for mechanisms of anthracite formation, Geology, vol.18, issue.3, pp.247-250, 1990.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0247:HAIAFE>2.3.CO;2

C. Daulan, S. B. Lyubchik, J. Rouzaud, and F. Béguin, Influence of anthracite pretreatment in the preparation of activated carbons, Fuel, vol.77, issue.6, pp.495-502, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00202-0

E. Delfourne, N. Bontemps-subielos, and J. Bastide, Structure revision of the marine pentacyclic aromatic alkaloid: cystodamine, Tetrahedron Letters, vol.41, issue.20, pp.3863-3864, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)00509-8

D. Santos, M. C. Alvarez, and F. , Nitrogen substitution of carbon in graphite: Structure evolution toward molecular forms, Physical Review B, vol.58, issue.20, pp.13918-13924, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.58.13918

M. Dumitrescu and S. C. Brassell, Compositional and isotopic characteristics of organic matter for the early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event at Shatsky Rise, ODP Leg 198, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.235, issue.1-3, pp.168-191, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.09.028

B. Durand, M. J. , H. , O. , N. et al., Elemental analysis of kerogens, pp.113-142, 1980.

B. Durand and G. Nicaise, Procedures for kerogen isolation, pp.35-53, 1980.

G. Everlien, High-temperature programmed pyrolysis of Paleozoic source rocks from Northern Germany and adjacent areas and its thermodynamic constraints, Organic Geochemistry, vol.24, issue.10-11, pp.985-998, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00093-9

G. Everlien, Hydrous pyrolysis of high-maturity Paleozoic coals and black shales from Central Europe and adjacent areas -Thermodynamic considerations, Geol. Jahrbuch D, vol.103, pp.43-64, 1997.

D. B. Finkelstein, L. M. Pratt, and S. C. Brassell, Can biomass burning produce a globally significant carbon-isotope excursion in the sedimentary record?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.250, issue.3-4, pp.501-510, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.08.010

M. Frey, Very low-grade metamorphism of the Alps -An introduction, Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt, vol.66, pp.13-27, 1986.

M. Frey and R. D. , Low-Grade Metamorphism, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/9781444313345

J. R. Fryer, The micropore structure of disordered carbons determined by high resolution electron microscopy, Carbon, vol.19, issue.6, pp.431-439, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-6223(81)90026-9

E. M. Galimov, C 13 /C 12 in kerogen, Editions Technip, pp.271-300, 1980.

Y. I. Galushkin, Thermal effects of igneous intrusions on maturity of organic matter: A possible mechanism of intrusion, Organic Geochemistry, vol.26, issue.11-12, pp.645-658, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00030-2

W. J. Gammon, O. Kraft, A. C. Reilly, and B. C. Holloway, Experimental comparison of N(1s) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy binding energies of hard and elastic amorphous carbon nitride films with reference organic compounds, Carbon, vol.41, issue.10, pp.1917-1923, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-6223(03)00170-2

P. Gerling, E. Idiz, G. Everlien, and E. Sohns, New aspects on the origin of nitrogen in natural gas in Northern Germany, Geol. Jahrbuch D, vol.103, pp.65-85, 1997.

B. Gong, A. N. Buckley, R. N. Lamb, and N. P. , XPS determination of the forms of nitrogen in coal pyrolysis chars, Surface and Interface Analysis, vol.7, issue.1, pp.126-130, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9918(199908)28:1<126::AID-SIA633>3.0.CO;2-V

B. Gong, P. J. Pigram, and L. R. , Identification of inorganic nitrogen in an Australian bituminous coal using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOFSIMS), International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.34, issue.1-2, pp.53-68, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00006-2

P. E. Gretener and C. C. , Role of temperature and time on organic metamorphism, AAPG Bull, vol.66, pp.1124-1149, 1982.

S. Grishina, J. Pironon, M. Mazurov, S. Goryainov, A. Pustilnikov et al., Organic inclusions in salt. Part 3. Oil and gas inclusions in Cambrian evaporite deposit from East Siberia. A contribution to the understanding of nitrogen generation in evaporites, Organic Geochemistry, vol.28, issue.5, pp.297-310, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00131-9

A. Guedes, F. Noronha, and A. C. Prieto, Characterisation of dispersed organic matter from lower Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks by organic petrography, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy analyses, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.62, issue.4, pp.237-249, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coal.2005.03.016

M. Hallam and H. P. Eugster, Ammonium silicate stability relations, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol, vol.57, pp.227-244, 1976.

M. J. Harrison, S. Marshak, and C. M. Onasch, Stratigraphic control of hot fluids on anthracitization, Lackawanna synclinorium, Pennsylvania, Tectonophysics, vol.378, issue.1-2, pp.85-103, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2003.10.010

N. R. Hasenmueller and J. B. Comer, Compilation of gas potential of the New Albany Shale (GRI CD) Indiana Geological Survey Illinois Basin Consortium, 2000.

R. Hayatsu, R. E. Botto, R. G. Scott, R. L. Mcbeth, and W. R. , Thermal catalytic transformation of pentacyclic triterpenoids: Alteration of geochemical fossils during coalification, Organic Geochemistry, vol.11, issue.4, pp.245-250, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(87)90035-0

H. He, Q. Zhou, R. L. Frost, B. J. Wood, L. V. Duong et al., A X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of HDTMAB distribution within organoclays, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol.66, issue.4-5, pp.1180-1188, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.saa.2006.06.005

N. Hellgren, M. P. Johansson, E. Brournan, L. Hultman, and J. Sundgren, thin films by reactive magnetron sputtering, Physical Review B, vol.59, issue.7, pp.5162-5169, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.5162

W. C. Hockaday, A. M. Grannas, S. Kim, and P. G. Hatcher, The transformation and mobility of charcoal in a fire-impacted watershed, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.71, issue.14, pp.3432-3445, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.023

J. A. Holloway and D. R. , Nitrogen in rock: Occurrences and biogeochemical implications, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.40, issue.4, pp.10-1029, 1118.
DOI : 10.1029/2002GB001862

T. J. Houser, D. M. Tiffany, Z. Li, M. E. Mccarville, and M. E. Houghton, Reactivity of some organic compounds with supercritical water, Fuel, vol.65, issue.6, pp.827-832, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(86)90077-3

T. J. Houser, C. C. Tsao, J. E. Dyla, M. K. Van-atten, and M. M. , The reactivity of tetrahydroquinoline, benzylamine and bibenzyl with supercritical water, Fuel, vol.68, issue.3, pp.323-327, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(89)90096-3

J. C. Hower and R. A. Gayer, Mechanisms of coal metamorphism: case studies from Paleozoic coalfields, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.50, issue.1-4, pp.215-245, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00119-2

P. H. Hsu and P. G. Hatcher, New evidence for covalent coupling of peptides to humic acids based on 2D NMR spectroscopy: A means for preservation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.69, issue.18, pp.4521-4533, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2005.05.005

K. Imuta and K. Ouchi, Isolation of adamantane from coal extract, Fuel, vol.52, issue.4, pp.301-302, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(73)90062-8

L. G. Isaacs, The graphitization of organic compounds???III. Heterocyclic nitrogen derivatives of anthracene and phenanthrene, Carbon, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1-5, 1970.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-6223(70)90123-5

Y. Jia, Nitrogen isotope fractionations during progressive metamorphism: A case study from the Paleozoic Cooma metasedimentary complex, southeastern Australia, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.70, issue.20, pp.5201-5214, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.004

A. Jokic, M. C. Wang, C. Liu, A. I. Frenkel, and P. M. Huang, Integration of the polyphenol and Maillard reactions into a unified abiotic pathway for humification in nature, Organic Geochemistry, vol.35, issue.6, pp.747-762, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.01.021

Y. Ju, B. Jiang, Q. Hou, and W. G. , Relationship between nanoscale deformation of coal structure and metamorphic-deformed environments, Chinese Science Bulletin, vol.50, issue.16, pp.1784-1795, 2005.
DOI : 10.1360/04wd0205

T. C. Juster, P. E. Brown, and B. S. , NH 4 -bearing illite in very low-grade metamorphic rocks associated with coal, northeastern Pennsylvania, Am. Mineral, vol.72, pp.555-565, 1987.

F. Kapteijn, J. A. Moulijn, S. Matzner, and H. Boehm, The development of nitrogen functionality in model chars during gasification in CO2 and O2, Carbon, vol.37, issue.7, pp.1143-1150, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00312-1

N. Kashimura, J. I. Hayashia, C. Z. Li, C. Sathe, and C. T. , Evidence of poly-condensed aromatic rings in a Victorian brown coal, Fuel, vol.83, issue.1, pp.97-107, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00243-6

A. R. Katritzky, E. S. Ignatchenko, S. M. Allin, M. Siskin, D. L. Ferrughelli et al., Aqueous high-temperature chemistry of carbo-and heterocycles. 30. Aquathermolysis of phenyl, pp.174-182, 1997.

A. R. Katritzky, P. A. Shipkova, S. M. Allin, R. A. Barcock, M. Siskin et al., Aqueous High-Temperature Chemistry. 24. Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles in Supercritical Water at 460 .degree.C, Energy & Fuels, vol.9, issue.4, pp.580-589, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/ef00052a003

S. R. Kelemen, M. Afeworki, M. L. Gorbaty, P. J. Kwiatek, M. Sansone et al., Thermal Transformations of Nitrogen and Sulfur Forms in Peat Related to Coalification, Energy & Fuels, vol.20, issue.2, pp.635-652, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ef050307p

S. R. Kelemen, H. Freund, M. L. Gorbaty, and P. J. Kwiatek, Thermal Chemistry of Nitrogen in Kerogen and Low-Rank Coal, Energy & Fuels, vol.13, issue.2, pp.529-538, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/ef9802126

S. R. Kelemen, M. L. Gorbaty, and P. J. Kwiatek, Quantification of Nitrogen Forms in Argonne Premium Coals, Energy & Fuels, vol.8, issue.4, pp.896-906, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/ef00046a013

S. R. Kelemen, M. L. Gorbaty, P. J. Kwiatek, T. H. Fletcher, M. Watt et al., Nitrogen Transformations in Coal during Pyrolysis, Energy & Fuels, vol.12, issue.1, pp.159-173, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ef9701246

T. E. Kraus, R. J. Zasoski, R. A. Dahlgren, W. R. Horwath, and P. C. , Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a forest soil amended with purified tannins from different plant species, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.36, issue.2, pp.309-321, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.10.006

B. Kwieci?ska and H. I. Petersen, Graphite, semi-graphite, natural coke, and natural char classification???ICCP system, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.57, issue.2, pp.99-116, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coal.2003.09.003

J. R. Levine, Tectonic history of coal-bearing sediments in eastern Pennsylvania using coal reflectance anisotropy, 1983.

M. D. Lewan, Evaluation of Petroleum Generation by Hydrous Pyrolysis Experimentation [and Discussion], Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.315, issue.1531, pp.123-134, 1985.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.1985.0033

M. D. Lewan, Stable carbon isotopes of amorphous kerogens from Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.50, issue.8, pp.1583-1591, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90121-3

L. Lin, J. Hall, J. Lippmann-pipke, J. A. Ward, S. Lollar et al., Radiolytic H 2 in continental crust: Nuclear power for deep subsurface microbial communities, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys, vol.6, p.700310, 1029.

G. P. Lis, A. Schimmelmann, and M. Mastalerz, D/H ratios and hydrogen exchangeability of type-II kerogens with increasing thermal maturity, Organic Geochemistry, vol.37, issue.3, pp.342-353, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.10.006

R. Littke, B. M. Krooss, E. F. Idiz, and F. J. , Molecular nitrogen in natural gas accumulations: Generation from sedimentary organic matter at high temperatures, pp.410-430, 1995.

Z. Liu, N. M. Brown, and M. A. , Characterisation of oxygen plasma-modified mica surfaces using XPS and AFM, Applied Surface Science, vol.108, issue.3, pp.319-332, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-4332(96)00683-6

L. Lu, V. Sahajwalla, C. Kong, and H. D. , Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis and its application to various coals, Carbon, vol.39, issue.12, pp.1821-1833, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00318-3

O. P. Mahajan, Physical characterization of coal, Powder Technology, vol.40, issue.1-3, pp.1-15, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-5910(84)85052-4

D. A. Manning and H. I. , Distribution and mineralogical controls on ammonium in deep groundwaters, Applied Geochemistry, vol.19, issue.9, pp.1495-1503, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.019

M. Mastalerz, M. Glikson, B. A. Stankiewicz, I. B. Volkova, and R. M. Bustin, Organic and mineral matter in a Precambrian shungite deposit from Karelia, Russia, Organic Matter and Mineralisation: Thermal Alteration, Hydrocarbon Generation, and Role in Metallogenesis, pp.102-119, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-9474-5_6

V. A. Melezhik, A. E. Fallick, M. M. Filippov, and O. Larsen, Karelian shungite???an indication of 2.0-Ga-old metamorphosed oil-shale and generation of petroleum: geology, lithology and geochemistry, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.47, issue.1-2, pp.1-40, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00027-6

P. A. Meyers, Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic similarities between Mediterranean sapropels and Cretaceous black shales, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.235, issue.1-3, pp.305-320, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.10.025

S. Mitra-kirtley, O. C. Mullins, J. F. Branthaver, and S. P. Cramer, Nitrogen chemistry of kerogens and bitumens from x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, Energy & Fuels, vol.7, issue.6, pp.1128-1134, 1993.
DOI : 10.1021/ef00042a062

M. Molina-sabio, M. J. Sanchez-montero, J. M. Juarez-galan, F. Salvador, F. Rodriguez-reinoso et al., Development of Porosity in a Char during Reaction with Steam or Supercritical Water, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.110, issue.25, pp.12360-12364, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/jp0614289

T. Moriya and H. Enomoto, Supercritical Fluid in Polymer Science and Technology. II. Conversion of Polyethylene to Oil Using Supercritical Water and Donation of Hydrogen in Supercritical Water., KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU, vol.58, issue.12, pp.661-673, 2001.
DOI : 10.1295/koron.58.661

J. Mullis, M. Wolf, and M. R. , Temperature determination between 50 and 270 °C through fluid inclusion microthermometry and vitrinite reflectance values in the external parts of the central Alps, Geophys. Res. Abstr, vol.5, p.4334, 2003.

S. Murata, Y. Tani, M. Hiro, K. Kidena, L. Artok et al., Structural analysis of coal through RICO reaction: detailed analysis of heavy fractions, Fuel, vol.80, issue.14, pp.2099-2109, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00093-X

J. Neidhardt, L. Hultman, and C. Z. , Correlated high resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of structured CNx (0<x<0.25) thin solid films, Carbon, vol.42, issue.12-13, pp.2729-2734, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.06.011

R. P. Nickelsen, Ambient temperatures during the Alleghany Orogeny In Silurian Depositional History and Alleghanian Deformation in the Pennsylvania Valley and Ridge Guidebook, 48th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists, pp.64-66, 1983.

A. Oberlin, Carbonization and graphitization, Carbon, vol.22, issue.6, pp.521-541, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-6223(84)90086-1

O. M. Ogunsola, Decomposition of isoquinoline and quinoline by supercritical water, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.74, issue.3, pp.187-195, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00162-X

T. B. Oldenburg, S. R. Larter, and H. Huang, Nitrogen isotope systematics of petroleum fractions of differing polarity ??? Neutral versus basic compounds, Organic Geochemistry, vol.38, issue.10, pp.1789-1794, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.05.016

S. T. Paxton, Relationships between Pennsylvanian-age lithic sandstone and mudrock diagenesis and coal rank in the Central Appalachians, 1983.

J. R. Pels, F. Kapteijn, J. A. Moulijn, Q. Zhu, and T. K. , Evolution of nitrogen functionalities in carbonaceous materials during pyrolysis, Carbon, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1641-1653, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-6223(95)00154-6

H. I. Petersen, The petroleum generation potential and effective oil window of humic coals related to coal composition and age, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.67, issue.4, pp.221-248, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coal.2006.01.005

D. L. Pinti, K. Hashizume, and M. , Nitrogen and argon signatures in 3.8 to 2.8 Ga metasediments: clues on the chemical state of the archean ocean and the deep biosphere, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.65, issue.14, pp.2301-2315, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00590-7

I. K. Pitcairn, D. A. Teagle, R. Kerrich, D. Craw, and B. T. , The behavior of nitrogen and nitrogen isotopes during metamorphism and mineralization: Evidence from the Otago and Alpine Schists, New Zealand, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.233, issue.1-2, pp.229-246, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.029

L. C. Price and D. E. , Evidence and characteristics of hydrolytic disproportionation of organic matter during metasomatic processes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.65, issue.21, pp.3791-3826, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00762-1

D. Prinz and R. Littke, Development of the micro- and ultramicroporous structure of coals with rank as deduced from the accessibility to water, Fuel, vol.84, pp.1645-1652, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.01.010

A. P. Radlinski, M. Mastalerz, A. L. Hinde, M. Hainbuchner, H. Rauch et al., Application of SAXS and SANS in evaluation of porosity, pore size distribution and surface area of coal, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.59, issue.3-4, pp.245-271, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coal.2004.03.002

G. H. Rau, M. A. Arthur, and D. W. , 15N/14N variations in Cretaceous Atlantic sedimentary sequences: implication for past changes in marine nitrogen biogeochemistry, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.82, issue.3-4, pp.269-279, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(87)90201-9

U. Reuther and H. A. , Synthesis, properties and chemistry of Aza[60]fullerene, Carbon, vol.38, issue.11-12, pp.1539-1549, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00053-1

D. Rigby and B. D. Batts, The isotopic composition of nitrogen in Australian coals and oil shales, Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section, vol.58, issue.3, pp.273-282, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9622(86)90016-3

S. M. Rimmer, H. D. Rowe, D. N. Taulbee, and H. J. , Influence of maceral content on ??13C and ??15N in a Middle Pennsylvanian coal, Chemical Geology, vol.225, issue.1-2, pp.77-90, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.08.012

J. M. Ripalda, L. Galán, and I. Montero, An XPS study of carbon nitride synthesized by ion beam nitridation of C60 fullerene, Diamond and Related Materials, vol.7, issue.2-5, pp.402-406, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00228-8

T. L. Robl and B. H. Davis, Comparison of the HF-HCl and HF-BF3 maceration techniques and the chemistry of resultant organic concentrates, Organic Geochemistry, vol.20, issue.2, pp.249-255, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90042-A

J. Rouzaud, B. Duval, and L. J. , Coke Microtexture: One Key for Coke Reactivity, Fundamental Issues in Control of Carbon Gasification Reactivity, pp.257-268, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-3310-4_14

H. Ruuska and P. T. , Ab initio model study on a water molecule between graphite layers, Carbon, vol.41, issue.4, pp.699-706, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00381-0

T. Sato, S. Kurosawa, R. L. Smith, T. Adschiri, and K. Arai, Water gas shift reaction kinetics under noncatalytic conditions in supercritical water, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, vol.29, issue.1-2, pp.113-119, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-8446(03)00049-4

A. Schimmelmann, M. D. Lewan, and R. P. Wintsch, D/H isotope ratios of kerogen, bitumen, oil, and water in hydrous pyrolysis of source rocks containing kerogen types I, II, IIS, and III, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.63, issue.22, pp.3751-3766, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00221-5

A. Schimmelmann, A. L. Sessions, and M. Mastalerz, HYDROGEN ISOTOPIC (D/H) COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER DURING DIAGENESIS AND THERMAL MATURATION, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.34, issue.1, pp.501-533, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125011

A. Schimmelmann, R. P. Wintsch, M. D. Lewan, and M. J. Deniro, Chitin: 'Forgotten' Source of Nitrogen, Nitrogen-Containing Macromolecules in the Biosphere and Geosphere, pp.707-226, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/bk-1998-0707.ch013

H. Schmiers, J. Friebel, P. Streubel, R. Hesse, and R. Köpsel, Change of chemical bonding of nitrogen of polymeric N-heterocyclic compounds during pyrolysis, Carbon, vol.37, issue.12, pp.1965-1978, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00071-8

J. M. Schmitter, I. Ignatiadas, and A. P. , Distribution of diaromatic nitrogen bases in crude oils, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.47, issue.11, pp.1975-1984, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90214-4

J. Schnadt, J. N. O-'shea, L. Patthey, J. Schiessling, J. Krempasky et al., Structural study of adsorption of isonicotinic acid and related molecules on rutile TiO2(110) II: XPS, Surface Science, vol.544, issue.1, pp.74-86, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.susc.2003.08.013

V. Schwab, J. E. Spangenberg, and G. J. , Chemical and carbon isotopic evolution of hydrocarbons during prograde metamorphism from 100??C to 550??C: Case study in the Liassic black shale formation of Central Swiss Alps, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.69, issue.7, pp.1825-1840, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2004.09.011

J. E. Silliman, P. A. Meyers, B. J. Eadie, V. Klump, and J. , A hypothesis for the origin of perylene based on its low abundance in sediments of Green Bay, Wisconsin, Chemical Geology, vol.177, issue.3-4, pp.309-322, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00415-0

B. R. Simoneit, H. K. Schones, P. Haug, and A. L. Burlingame, High-resolution mass spectrometry of nitrogenous compounds of the Colorado Green River Formation oil shale, Chemical Geology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.123-141, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2541(71)90037-4

M. Siskin and K. A. , A review of the reactivity of organic compounds with oxygen-containing functionality in superheated water, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.54, issue.1-2, pp.193-214, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00081-9

H. Sjöström, S. Stafström, M. Boman, and J. Sundgren, Superhard and elastic carbon nitride thin films having fullerenelike microstructure, Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.75, 1995.

K. Stanczyk and J. Boudou, Elimination of nitrogen from coal in pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis: a study of coal and model chars, Fuel, vol.73, issue.6, pp.940-944, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(94)90291-7

K. Stanczyk, R. Dziembaj, Z. Piwowarska, and S. Witkowski, Transformation of nitrogen structures in carbonization of model compounds determined by XPS, Carbon, vol.33, issue.10, pp.1383-1392, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-6223(95)00084-Q

G. Stiehl and M. Lehmann, Isotopenvariationen des Stickstoffs humoser und bitumin??ser nat??rlicher organischer Substanzen, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.44, issue.11, pp.1737-1746, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(80)90224-0

P. Straka, S. Marinov, and G. Tyuliev, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of nitrogen and sulfur functionalities in organic substance of coal, Acta Montana B, vol.10, pp.36-44, 2000.

K. A. Thorn and M. M. , Ammonia fixation by humic substances: a nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 NMR study, Science of The Total Environment, vol.113, issue.1-2, pp.67-87, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-9697(92)90017-M

B. Tissot, B. Durand, J. Espitalié, and A. Combaz, Influence of nature and diagenesis of organic matter in formation of petroleum, AAPG Bull, vol.58, pp.499-506, 1974.

S. H. Townsend, M. A. Abraham, G. L. Huppert, M. T. Klein, and P. S. , Solvent effects during reactions in supercritical water, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.27, issue.1, pp.143-149, 1988.
DOI : 10.1021/ie00073a026

A. Vairavamurthy and W. S. , Organic Nitrogen in Geomacromolecules:?? Insights on Speciation and Transformation with K-edge XANES Spectroscopy, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.36, issue.14, pp.3050-3056, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/es0155478

M. A. Van-zuilen, K. Mathew, B. Wopenka, A. Lepland, K. Marti et al., Nitrogen and argon isotopic signatures in graphite from the 3.8-Ga-old Isua Supracrustal Belt, Southern West Greenland, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.69, issue.5, pp.1241-1252, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2004.08.033

A. B. Verchovsky, J. S. Watson, I. P. Wright, K. I. Lokhov, E. M. Prasolov et al., Nitrogen isotopes in shungites, Geophys. Res. Abstracts, vol.8, pp.1607-7962, 2006.

A. Vidyadhar, K. H. Rao, and C. I. , Mechanisms of amine???feldspar interaction in the absence and presence of alcohols studied by spectroscopic methods, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.214, issue.1-3, pp.127-142, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00361-8

D. Wang, X. Lu, S. Xu, and H. W. Stewart, Comment on ???Influence of a basic intrusion on the vitrinite reflectance and chemistry of the Springfield (No. 5) coal, Harrisburg, Illinois??? by Stewart et al. (2005), International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.73, issue.2, pp.196-199, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coal.2007.03.004

C. R. Ward, Z. Li, and G. L. , Variations in coal maceral chemistry with rank advance in the German Creek and Moranbah Coal Measures of the Bowen Basin, Australia, using electron microprobe techniques, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.63, issue.1-2, pp.117-129, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coal.2005.02.009

U. Werner-zwanziger, G. Lis, M. Mastalerz, and A. Schimmelmann, Thermal maturity of type II kerogen from the New Albany Shale assessed by 13C CP/MAS NMR, Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, vol.27, issue.1-2, pp.140-148, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2004.08.001

M. J. Whiticar, Stable isotope geochemistry of coals, humic kerogens and related natural gases, International Journal of Coal Geology, vol.32, issue.1-4, pp.191-215, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00042-0

B. Xiao, J. Boudou, and T. K. , Reactions of Nitrogen and Oxygen Surface Groups in Nanoporous Carbons under Inert and Reducing Atmospheres, Langmuir, vol.21, issue.8, pp.3400-3409, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/la0472495
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00156846

C. You and G. J. , Hydrothermal alteration of hemi-pelagic sediments: experimental evaluation of geochemical processes in shallow subduction zones, Applied Geochemistry, vol.16, issue.9-10, pp.1055-1066, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00024-5

X. Yu, The preparation and characterization of cetyltrimethylammonium intercalated muscovite, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol.98, issue.1-3, pp.70-79, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.08.003

P. Yuan, Z. Cheng, X. Zhang, and Y. , Catalytic denitrogenation of hydrocarbons through partial oxidation in supercritical water, Fuel, vol.85, issue.3, pp.367-373, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.07.006

Q. Zhu, S. L. Money, A. E. Russell, and T. K. , Determination of the Fate of Nitrogen Functionality in Carbonaceous Materials during Pyrolysis and Combustion Using X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy, Langmuir, vol.13, issue.7, pp.2149-2157, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/la961027s